{"id":78138,"date":"2023-03-27T08:27:14","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T13:27:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/?p=78138"},"modified":"2026-03-13T15:04:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T20:04:46","slug":"rosalind-franklin-florence-bell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/es\/rosalind-franklin-florence-bell\/","title":{"rendered":"Early Contributions to DNA Studies from Rosalind Franklin and Florence Bell"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/1″][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=”106994″]By: Jeremy Balkin<\/p>\n

Florence Bell and Rosalind Franklin made impactful contributions to our understanding of DNA, but do we know who they are? Learn more about the role they played in the study of DNA during International Women\u2019s Month.<\/h2>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image media=”78139″ caption=”yes” media_lightbox=”yes” media_width_percent=”58″ lbox_caption=”yes” lbox_social=”yes” uncode_shortcode_id=”186167″][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=”755019″]Abbott & Costello. Bonnie & Clyde. Florence & the Machine. I sometimes wonder who decides the order of naming duos and if they\u2019re always fair. Does the #2 spot end up resenting #1 until it boils over into a public feud, until all that is left are shattered legacies and unwritten songs? Is it subtly psychologically taxing on #2 until they start identifying themselves as second place in every aspect of their lives? Or, are they just glad to be a part of the mission? However it plays out, the top billed of the pair usually gets more of the spotlight. Whether it\u2019s natural talent or just the luck of the draw, there\u2019s an inherent hierarchy to historical duos based on their name alone. One thing is for certain though: Bell & Franklin is not a famous pair.<\/p>\n

You may now be thinking, \u2018but Jeremy, Florence Bell and Rosalind Franklin didn\u2019t work together and their landmark findings came years apart so they shouldn\u2019t even be considered a pair.\u2019 To which I would say, \u2018right.\u2019 But then I also wouldn\u2019t have been able to write this as my intro. However, their discoveries and contributions helped build on one another’s and helped lead to genetics as we know it today.<\/p>\n

For Women\u2019s History Month, we absolutely could not exclude Bell and Franklin. Their stories, like many before (and after) them, are often very underrepresented and marginalized in the pantheon of the discovery of DNA.<\/p>\n

Watson & Crick<\/h2>\n

James Watson and Francis Crick are largely credited with determining what we know today as the double helix in the 1950s. Their contributions to both science and my current employment cannot be understated. Considering that their two names are probably what come to mind when you think of the discovery of DNA, this speaks to the lasting legacy of both men. However, it is also true that many other people laid the groundwork for their discoveries years before them, dating back to the mid-19th century. The basics for what would become our understanding of DNA originated in the 1860s with Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher. It wasn\u2019t until the 20th century, though, that more discoveries were made (finding the components that make up a nucleotide, figuring out how RNA and DNA are placed together, the reasons and ways molecules bond, the order of nucleotides, etc.).This all helped pave the way for the discovery of the double-helical model as the structure for DNA. This breakthrough would not have been possible without two scientists and their work with X-rays.<\/p>\n

Florence Bell\u2019s Contribution<\/h2>\n

Florence Bell was born on May 1, 1913, in London. She did not come from a scientific family. Her father was a photographer and later worked in marketing as an advertising manager. She later attended Girton College at the University of Cambridge to study natural sciences.<\/p>\n

Florence Bell\u2019s work revealed in X-ray images the arrangement of molecules and atoms in simple crystals. Shortly after, her work with William Astbury led to X-ray studies of many other biological materials. Through her work, they were able to record microscopic images of the basics of a DNA structure. A direct line can be drawn from this discovery to Watson & Crick\u2019s work on genetics and the double helix. [\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image media=”78140″ caption=”yes” media_lightbox=”yes” media_width_percent=”50″ lbox_caption=”yes” uncode_shortcode_id=”190645″][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=”114681″]Her work with DNA was abruptly halted when she was drafted for the Women\u2019s Auxiliary Air Force in 1941. Astbury kept a position for her open, but Bell never returned. She later married an American serviceman and emigrated to the US. She worked as an industrial chemist and eventually gave up her career to look after her four children. When she died in 2000, her occupation was recorded as \u201chousewife.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rosalind Franklin\u2019s Contribution<\/h2>\n

Another direct (and shorter) line can be drawn between Bell and another scientist who used X-rays to illustrate DNA\u2019s structure: Rosalind Franklin.<\/p>\n

Rosalind Franklin was born on July 25, 1920, in London. She also attended University of Cambridge and studied natural sciences. Like Bell, her upbringing wasn\u2019t in the lab. Her father was a merchant banker and a professor at the Working Men’s College in London.<\/p>\n

Franklin is admittedly better known than Bell. Nicole Kidman even portrayed her in a play. I am not suggesting that Nicole Kidman’s portrayal of you is the ultimate status of scientific notoriety. However, I am suggesting that if Nicole Kidman portrayed me as an influential female scientist of the 1930s, I would be both incredibly flattered and wildly confused.<\/p>\n

Franklin\u2019s work is directly connected to Watson and Crick. She worked at King\u2019s College with a scientist, Maurice Wilkins. They then had a falling out, with Wilkins looking for other collaborators. That\u2019s where Wilkins found Francis Crick and James Watson, who were actually shown some of Franklin\u2019s own data. Similar to Bell, her contribution wasn\u2019t well known. After her death, Crick acknowledged that her contribution was essential.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image media=”78141″ caption=”yes” media_lightbox=”yes” media_width_percent=”49″ lbox_caption=”yes” uncode_shortcode_id=”154510″][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=”721683″]Rosalind Franklin died on April 16, 1958, in Chelsea. She was surrounded by friends including Francis Crick and his wife, Odie. She did not have any children, and her death certificate stated \u201cScientist, Spinster, Daughter.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Unknown Roles of Women in Science<\/h2>\n

After doing my due diligence and research on these women, I am now much more skeptical when learning about any discoverers or inventors. Did Thomas Edison alone invent the light bulb? I have no idea, as this isn\u2019t my assignment at the moment. But I\u2019m much more inclined to say “no” now. Did Einstein propose the theory of splitting the atom on his own? Probably not. Again, I have done zero research. Who invented the vending machine? No idea.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image media=”78142″ caption=”yes” media_lightbox=”yes” media_width_percent=”69″ lbox_caption=”yes” uncode_shortcode_id=”171062″][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=”146730″]As we in the field of genetics continue to push the envelope in terms of what we discover, both about the nature of DNA itself and its application to genealogy, ancestry, etc., we must also understand that the scientific method is a process. Everything builds on everything that came before. DNA testing itself, especially in our field, would look very different, if not nonexistent, without the major contributions from female scientists, who often go uncredited.<\/p>\n

As our own scientists and academics continue researching here at FamilyTreeDNA and more people continue to test<\/a>, there really is no telling what the future can hold in terms of personal genealogical discoveries.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/1″][vc_separator sep_color=”,Default”][uncode_author_profile user_id=”9″ avatar=”custom” custom_avatar=”78549″ avatar_size=”250″ heading_semantic=”h3″ text_size=”h3″ display_button=”yes” button_content=”Read More From Jeremy” hover_fx=”full-colored” uncode_shortcode_id=”115478″ button_color_type=”uncode-solid” button_color_solid=”#ff6900″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jeremy Balkin explores the history of two famed women scientists whose discoveries in DNA paved the way for our current understanding.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":78149,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1206],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nEarly Contributions to DNA Studies from Rosalind Franklin and Florence Bell<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jeremy Balkin explores the history of two famed women scientists whose discoveries in DNA paved the way for our current understanding.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/rosalind-franklin-florence-bell\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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