{"id":77122,"date":"2022-10-07T09:51:22","date_gmt":"2022-10-07T14:51:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/?p=77122"},"modified":"2026-03-13T13:29:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T18:29:08","slug":"hispanic-genetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/es\/hispanic-genetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Hispanic Genetics: What Are the Origins and Trends?"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;211799&#8243;][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;158611&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>What do you think of when you think about Hispanic or Latin heritage?<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77126\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77126\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-685646838.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-77126\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-685646838.jpg\" alt=\"Cartoon hand-drawn doodles Latin American illustration. detailed, with lots of objects.\" width=\"510\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-685646838.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-685646838-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-685646838-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-685646838-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-685646838-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77126\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hispanic cultures, while similar in some aspects, vary throughout Latin America. Music, food, language, and tradition can differ From Mexico to Chile and everywhere between.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The brightly colored clothes in a myriad of textures? The music? The food?<\/p>\n<p>All of the above?<\/p>\n<p>As genealogists and family history researchers, of course, we at FamilyTreeDNA think of our employees, group administrators, and customers who have Hispanic ancestry. We also think of the broad gene pool that goes with those origins, as well as our Group Projects which focus on those areas of the world. Here are a few of our geographic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/group-project-search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Group Projects<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/iberian-dna\/about\/background\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iberian Peninsula<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/iberian-surnamesof-ashkenaz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iberian Ashkenaz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/anusim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sephardic Anusim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/genealogyof-mexico-dna-project\/about\/background\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mexico DNA Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/cohen-de-mexico\/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cohen de Mexico<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/cohen-de-mexico\/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The We Are Cousins DNA Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/colombiadna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colombia DNA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/costa-rica\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Costa Rica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/cuba-dna-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cuba DNA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/dominican-origins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dominican Origins<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/panama-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/groups\/guanches-canary-islands-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guanches &#8211; Canary Isle<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In honor of Hispanic Heritage Month, let\u2019s look at the genetic diversity that Hispanic ancestry conveys.<\/p>\n<h3>What does \u201cHispanic\u201d mean?<\/h3>\n<p>In general, it refers to those persons with ancestry from Spanish-speaking countries, which is why countries like Brazil and Belize are excluded as they were colonized by Portugal and Great Britain, respectively. But that does not mean you won\u2019t find any Hispanic people there; it simply means that those countries of origin do not meet the U.S. government definition, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which includes n. Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Keep in mind, though, geopolitical boundaries have changed over the past five hundred years. Additionally, genes have flowed with the people who moved across those borders. As people crossed border lines, they did not magically transform into a different population.<\/p>\n<h3>The Origins of Hispanic Genetics<\/h3>\n<p>According to FamilyTreeDNA\u2019s population geneticist, Dr. Paul Maier, Hispanic genes cannot be limited to a single profile.<\/p>\n<p>What does that mean?<\/p>\n<p>In general, Hispanic genes reflect three sources:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Europe:<\/strong>\u00a0Iberian Peninsula, Southern Europe,<br \/>\n<strong>Africa:<\/strong>\u00a0Northern Africa, Canary Islands<br \/>\n<strong>Americas and Caribbean:<\/strong>\u00a0numerous indigenous populations (referred to in Family Finder\u2019s myOrigins as Amerindian).<\/p>\n<h4>European Hispanic Origins<\/h4>\n<p>According to Dr. Maier, \u201cMany Latino populations emerged from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0959437X18300935?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">founder events<\/a> (bottlenecks) ages ago, which makes them very distinct and makes Latinos as a whole not a homogenous group. \u2026 Many Y chromosomes suggest middle eastern ancestry, possibly from exiled Sephardic Jews, Moors, etc., or perhaps from earlier Roman times.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne cool example,\u201d Maier said, \u201cis the Honduran Garifuna who are thought to be descendants of a shipwreck off St. Vincent in the 1600s, who mixed with local Caribs, and then eventually made it to Central America.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd there is the whole history of the Converso (Sephardic) Jews,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n<p>Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal in the 1400s, with some becoming &#8211; or having already become \u201cconversos\u201d or \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/cryptojews.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crypto-Jews<\/a>\u201d, professing one religion in public while attempting to hold on to the practices of their traditional faith in secret. The Sephardic diaspora extends well into the Caribbean and Latin America.<\/p>\n<h4>African Influence on Hispanic DNA<\/h4>\n<p>The Iberian Peninsula is a mix, with the northern regions including Scandinavian or Celtic ancestry, while the southern peninsula more strongly connects to the Moors of Northern Africa. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/37092-southern-europeans-have-african-genes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study published in 2013<\/a>, Southwestern Europeans, i.e. Spain, Italy, and Greece) have between four and 20 percent of their genome from North Africa as compared to two percent in Southeastern Europeans. The northern peninsula reflects the influence of Celts and other invaders from Northern Europe.<\/p>\n<h4>Hispanic Genetics from the Americas<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77127\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77127\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-1210811025.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-77127\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-1210811025-1024x1007.jpg\" alt=\"After crossing Panama, Balboa was the first European to reach the Pacific Ocean on September 25, 1513. Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa (c. 1475 - 1519), Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. Wood engraving, published in 1888.\" width=\"500\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-1210811025-1024x1007.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-1210811025-300x295.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-1210811025-768x755.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-1210811025.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77127\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">After crossing Panama, Balboa was the first European to reach the Pacific Ocean on September 25, 1513. Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa (c. 1475 &#8211; 1519), Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. Wood engraving, published in 1888.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Dr. Maier also noted that \u201cLatinos\u201d, a term which generally refers to Hispanics from the Americas, tend to have \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0914618107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sex-biased ancestry<\/a>\u201d (based on patterns on the X and Y chromosomes, and in mitochondrial DNA), due to predominantly male European gene flow into the female indigenous population in the 15th century.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Miguel Vilar, former lead scientist for National Geographic\u2019s Genographic Project, agrees about the heterogeneous nature of Hispanic populations and adds that as native populations were reduced or eradicated, men were disproportionately more likely to be killed by the conquerors than women, which means that fewer of their Y lineages survived over time.<\/p>\n<h3>Hispanic Autosomal DNA<\/h3>\n<p>The breakdown of percentages depends on how many generations back the Hispanic ancestors are found. Autosomal DNA divides in half each generation as you go back in time, so some ancestors\u2019 DNA gets shuffled out of the mix.<\/p>\n<p>Autosomal DNA also recombines, which means all the autosomal DNA inherited from each parent is a mixture of the blended DNA they received from their parents. If any of those parents were from distinct populations, the resulting blend is called admixture. That combination of populations, or admixture, includes ancestral origins that may not be Hispanic if some ancestors were not from Hispanic origins.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s where Y and mtDNA come in, since they neither divide with each generation nor do they recombine and pick up genetic information from ancestors off their direct lines.<\/p>\n<p>Because children were often born to the union of invading men and Amerindian women, the Y-DNA haplogroup (which follows the father\u2019s father\u2019s father\u2019s line) often traces back to Europe, Africa, or the Middle East, while the mitochondrial haplogroup (which follows the mother\u2019s mother\u2019s mother\u2019s line) reflects the indigenous origins. Occasionally a tester will have those origins switched, with a European mtDNA haplogroup and an indigenous Y haplogroup, and sometimes we find individuals who have Amerindian haplogroups for both Y and mtDNA.<\/p>\n<h3>Hispanic Y-DNA<\/h3>\n<p>For Y-DNA, Y haplogroups that are under Q-M3 or C-P39 originated in the Americas. European Y haplogroups typically include subclades of haplogroups R and I, while haplogroup E indicates African origins, and haplogroup J points to the Middle East. Even haplogroup G, typically associated with the Caucasus region, can be found in Hispanic populations.<\/p>\n<h3>Hispanic mtDNA<\/h3>\n<p>With mtDNA, certain subclades of haplogroups A, B, C, D, and X (not to be confused with the X chromosome) are indigenous in origin, and anything other than those subclades indicates the maternal line came from outside of the Americas.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77128\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77128\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-157280106.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-77128 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-157280106-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of an old European map of North America dating back to 1843. \" width=\"840\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-157280106-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-157280106-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-157280106-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/iStock-157280106.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77128\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of an old European map of North America dating back to 1843.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>General Observations on Hispanic Genetics<\/h3>\n<p>Drs. Maier and Vilar provided some general observations about admixture from Hispanic or Latin populations. These are broad estimates, and they are not tied to any specific person.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Puerto Ricans &#8211; about 10-11% Amerindian, 25% African plus Southern European regions<\/li>\n<li>Caribbean &#8211; South American Amerindian, two different waves of African (West, then later West Central), and distinctly bottlenecked European signature from Southern Europe.<\/li>\n<li>Dominicans &#8211; 60% African in contrast to the other side of the island, Haiti, which usually shows 80%+ African)<\/li>\n<li>Mexicans generally have lower African populations, with the exception of Veracruz.<\/li>\n<li>Mexican and Ecuadorians have the most Amerindian, whereas Caribbeans have the most African.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dr. Vilar mentioned that most historical accounts were written by the conquerors, for example Spain, which means written accounts can be biased, in part because many indigenous populations did not have written language, but also because that\u2019s simply part of being the victor &#8211; telling the story the way they wanted it to be remembered, making them look good.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re all inherently biased,\u201d said Dr.Vilar.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGenealogy, and genetic genealogy, can be a tool to break down those biases, some of which were handed down from our ancestors.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If you would like to have your DNA tested to trace your Hispanic origins through genetic genealogy, you can order a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/products\/y-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Y-DNA<\/a>, an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/products\/mt-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mtDNA<\/a>, or a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.familytreedna.com\/products\/family-finder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Family Finder<\/a> test today to get started. Make sure once you test, you join one of our group projects to continue exploring your ancestry.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;,Default&#8221;][uncode_author_profile avatar_size=&#8221;250&#8243; heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h3&#8243; display_button=&#8221;yes&#8221; button_content=&#8221;Read More From Courtney&#8221; hover_fx=&#8221;full-colored&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;120435&#8243; button_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; button_color_solid=&#8221;#ff6900&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A look at the history and origins of Hispanic genetics and other resources for those with Hispanic ancestry who are looking to learn more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":77124,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[118],"tags":[1185,1186,1187,1188,1190,1191],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.2 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Hispanic Genetics: What Are the Origins and Trends?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A look at the history and origins of Hispanic genetics and other resources for those with Hispanic ancestry who are looking to learn more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.familytreedna.com\/hispanic-genetics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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